What Is a Trust Fund Baby?
“Trust fund babies” is a term that often evokes mental images of young people unburdened by work or other responsibilities because they are backed by a secure income. The term itself is somewhat disparaging as it paints a picture of a spoiled, overly privileged person that is often far from reality. Still, the term is a good lead-in to a discussion of the particular challenges that trust fund babies may face in estate and trust disputes.
So, why do I know about such things? I’m not a trust fund baby. I’m a baby boomer who has practicing law since 1976. Our California-based law firm focuses on estate, trust, and elder financial abuse litigation and we have represented plenty of trust fund babies. It’s a natural part of representing abused trust beneficiaries, financially abused elder, and their families.
I’ve got more than a passing interest in this subject, too. I’ve written two books that touch upon the elements and causes of trust disputes: The Wolf at the Door – Undue Influence and Elder Financial Abuse; and Alzheimer’s, Widowed Stepmothers & Estate Crimes – Cause, Action, and Response in Cases of Fractured Inheritance, Lost Inheritance, and Disinheritance. My books, interviews, daily law practice and writings cover a lot of ground in trust-related issues.
Thus far in my career, I have shied away from writing about trust fund babies because the term can be too radioactive – too pejorative. But lately I’ve been reading Janny Scott’s 2019 book The Beneficiary: Fortune, Misfortune, and the Story of My Father, and I’ve decided that it is high time I talked about this subject. It’s a topic that draws us in. People want to hear about it. You may be a trust fund baby, a friend or just fascinated by the subject. Either way, stick with me as I answer the questions “What is a trust fund baby?” and describe some of the challenges they may face.
What Is a Trust Fund Baby and How Does It Work?
So, what is a “trust fund baby?” This individual is a beneficiary whose parents, grandparents, or other relatives have placed substantial assets in a trust fund for their benefit during the beneficiary’s lifetime.
It all starts with a trust maker – a trust maker is sometimes referred to as the grantor, settlor or trustor of the trust. A parent trust maker necessarily has an intent, disclosed or undisclosed, that motivates him or her to set aside assets in trust to benefit their children or grandchildren. This intent predominates in trustor support for the nature and extent of beneficiary distributions while the trust maker is alive.
The trust maker’s influence is felt, as they retain trustee duties during their lifetime or they delegate them to a third-party trustee. Common objectives include provisions that pay for a trust fund baby’s education or financially back a child or grandchildren’s hobbies. These hobbies might include travel, skiing, horses, hunting, aviation, or a host of other recreational pursuits.
Common Challenges a Trust Fund Baby Faces
Knowing what is a trust fund baby is just the beginning. So, let’s recognize that generalizations can be dangerous. Individual variations abound. Our efforts at clarity might unwittingly distort. So, this disclaimer – again: Trust challenges associated with trust fund babies may share some commonalities but have many, many variables, and experiences for all of us are a little different. Let’s take a look at some of the most common trust challenges a trust fund baby is likely to face:
Calculated Distribution
While income from the assets is part and parcel of the trust process, the calculated distribution of the income can be arbitrary. This leads to some problems, as does the allowance or disallowance of principal invasion.
A trust maker establishing a trust for a child or grandchildren usually intends that the money should go for more than mere subsistence. While alive, there can be a recognized tension between providing too much or too little. The trust maker can handle the tension and want to avoid a pattern of support that encourages nonproductivity. It can create a problem like the one the Three Bears faced in the Goldilocks story. The porridge might be too hot, too cold, or just right. It’s hard to strike the balance.
Death of the Trust Maker
It is the incapacity or death of the trust maker that often triggers trust fund baby disputes. Now, someone else takes over as trustee. This individual may be a family member, an accountant, or a geographically and emotionally remote financial institution. It’s one thing to fully fund a grandson beneficiary’s horse while grandpa is living. But it is quite another after his accountant takes over as the trustee at grandpa’s death.
Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Institutional, professional or even family member trustees may ignore the trust maker’s intent. Suddenly, trust fund babies are unpleasantly surprised when activities long sponsored by a parent or grandparent are cut off by a successor trustee who is not invested in the emotional life of the beneficiary.
Most trustors want their heirs to lead a productive and meaningful life. This intent can be lost in the bureaucracy of a trust committee. Institutional trust employees understandably are not emotionally invested in the lives of trust beneficiaries. Sometimes this works. Sometimes it doesn’t. The institutional trustee might simply default to little or cold communications with beneficiaries.
I’ve seen too many cases where it looks like the successor trustee is more invested in its fees than the real intent of the trust: Providing financial benefits to the beneficiary. It also strikes me as particularly odd when an institutional trustee’s annual charges exceed the allowance of income to trust beneficiaries.
I’ve seen too many cases where it looks like the successor trustee is more invested in its fees than the real intent of the trust – providing financial benefits to the beneficiary. It particularly strikes me as odd when an institutional trustee’s annual charges exceed the allowance of income to trust beneficiaries.
A Beneficiary’s Liquidity May Be Limited
When a trust beneficiary challenges a successor trustee, it typically triggers a formal, court-supervised legal process. If the trustee is found guilty of a breach, they can be personally surcharged for losses and removed. If the beneficiary sues in bad faith, they risk disinheritance—but only under a no-contest clause.
However, there are other looming problems. One is that the trustee may use the assets of the trust for defending its actions, even if what they are doing is wrong. There are, of course, legal procedures to challenge this. The procedures themselves are lengthy, consume a lot of attorney time, and rapidly become expensive.
Trust Fund Babies and Attorney’s Fees Explained
Each legal fee arrangement has its own advantages, disadvantages, required disclosures, processes and nuances. Discussions between the beneficiary and their attorney should explore the particularities of fee arrangements. California has both statutory and ethical rules that govern attorney-client fee arrangements.
All Hackard Law attorney-client fee agreements must conform to these statutory and ethical requirements. Contingency fees are arrangements where the client pays fees to a lawyer only if the lawyer handles the case successfully. This arrangement only works economically where money or valuable assets are being claimed.
In trust and estate-related contingency fee arrangements, the attorney agrees to accept a fixed percentage of the total recovery. If the case is won or resolved, the lawyer’s fee comes out of the recovery. If the case is lost, neither the client nor the lawyer gets any money, and the client will not be required to pay the lawyer for the work that was done on the case.
Costs are an important part of the attorney-client fee arrangement. Many times, clients will advance costs, like filing fees, deposition fees, and expert fees. This is a matter of contract between the attorney and client.
Disputes Over a Trust Fund Baby’s Assets
Trust fund baby disputes may differ in tone from undue influence trust disputes. Trust fund babies usually have at least a vested interest in an existing trust. The dispute may involve a number of factors, such as:
- An accounting
- Unreasonable trustee compensation
- Insufficient beneficiary income
- Principal distributions
- Other elements of trustee wrongdoing
Under California Probate Code § 16062, beneficiaries can formally demand a detailed accounting of all assets, transactions, disbursements, and distributions. Trustees are legally obligated to send statutory notices under C.P.C. § 16061.7 when a trust becomes irrevocable, which outlines the rights of heirs to contest the trust. Just remember that California law has strict time limits. You generally only have 120 days after receiving the trustee notification to file a formal trust contest.
What About Undue Influence Disputes?
However, characterized or quantified, the beneficiary usually has existing vested rights, while trust challengers in undue influence cases have often been frozen out of a trust. These individuals may be former beneficiaries who have seen their beneficial interests vanish by the wrongdoing of a third party. The same third party who ends up with all or a substantial amount of the trust maker’s assets.
The obstacles of retaining an attorney to recover inheritance or trust beneficiary assets can be overwhelming to a client. Contingency fees may be an efficient and effective step to overcoming these obstacles and allow for the civil prosecution of trust accountings, trustee removals, trustee surcharges, and trust modifications.
Trust fund baby disputes may differ in tone than undue influence trust disputes. Trust fund babies usually have at least a vested interest in an existing trust. The dispute may involve an accounting, unreasonable trustee compensation, insufficient beneficiary income and/or principal distributions or other elements of trustee wrongdoing. However, characterized or quantified, the beneficiary usually has existing vested rights.
Trust challengers in undue influence cases have often been frozen out of a trust. They may be former beneficiaries who have seen their beneficial interests vanish by the wrongdoing of a third party – a third party who ends up with all or a substantial amount of the trust maker’s assets.
These cases start with no vested rights whatsoever. The battle is over invalidating the trust or making the wrongdoer accountable for their wrongdoing in the taking of assets from the trust maker during lifetime or by estate planning changes effective at the maker’s passing. In any event, the wronged beneficiary usually starts at zero. Litigation involves getting past zero.
Bring Your Trust Fund Baby Challenges to a High-Stakes Litigator
While I’ve been reticent in the past to talk about trust fund babies, I hope that these observations help to clarify how trust fund baby challenges are a little different than other trust challenges.
Hackard Law represents California, United States and international clients in California based trust, estate and elder financial abuse litigation. We choose to take substantial cases where we think that we can make a significant difference and there are wrongdoers that can be made financially accountable for their wrongdoing.
Most of our cases are filed in the Probate and Superior Courts of Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Clara, Monterey, San Mateo, Alameda, Contra Costa and Sacramento Counties. If you would like to tell us about your case, call us at 916 313-3030. We’ll be happy to hear your story.